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发表于 2009-1-1 13:18 · 湖北
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Usage in English
[edit] The name of the letter
In most dialects of English, the name for the letter is pronounced /eɪtʃ/ and spelled aitch [1] or occasionally eitch. Pronunciation /heɪtʃ/ and hence a spelling of haitch is usually considered to be h-adding and hence nonstandard. However it is standard in Hiberno-English,[citation needed] Singaporean English,[citation needed] Haitch is also used in parts of Northern England and Wales.[citation needed] In Northern Ireland it is a shibboleth as Protestant schools teach aitch and Catholics haitch.[2] This is also indicative of Catholic school teaching in Australia.[citation needed] The perceived name of the letter affects the choice of indefinite article before initialisms beginning with H: for example "an HTML page" or "a HTML page". The pronunciation /heɪtʃ/ may be a hypercorrection formed by analogy with the names of the other letters of the alphabet, most of which include the sound they represent.[3]
Authorities disagree about the history of the letter's name. The Oxford English Dictionary says the original name of the letter was /aha/; this became /aka/ in Latin, passed into English via Old French /atʃ/, and by Middle English was pronounced /aːtʃ/. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language derives it from French hache from Latin haca or hic, from which it can be argued that the pronunciation /eɪtʃ/ is a result of h-dropping.
[edit] Value
H occurs as a single-letter grapheme (with value /h/ or silent) and in various digraphs, such as ch (/tʃ/, French /ʃ/, Greek and Italian /k/, German & Scots /x/), gh (silent, /g/, or /f/) , ph (Greek words with /f/), rh (Greek words with /r/), sh (/ʃ/), th (either /θ/ like thin or /? like then), wh (either /w/, /ʍ/or /f/: see wine-whine merger). In transcriptions of other writing systems, zh may occur (as in Russian Doctor Zhivago); this is generally pronounced /ʒ/ in English, although this rendition is not necessarily faithful to the sound in the original language (as in the case of pinyin transcriptions).
H is silent in a syllable rime, as in ah, ohm, dahlia, cheetah, pooh-poohed. H is often silent in the weak form of some function words beginning with H, including had, has, have, he, her, him, his. H is silent in some words of Romance origin:
Initially in heir, honest, honour, hour; for American English usually also herb, and sometimes homage; as well as non-anglicized loanwords such as hors-d'oeuvres
Internally in silhouette, chihuahua, and often piranha
For some speakers, also in an initial unstressed syllable, as in "an historic occasion", "an hotel".
After ex when x has value /gz/, as exhaust.
For many speakers, after a stressed vowel and before an unstressed, as annihilate, vehicle (but not vehicular).
[edit] Usage in Spanish
In Spanish, H is a silent letter with no pronunciation, as in hijo [ˈixo] ('son'), hola [ˈola] ('hello'), and hábil [ˈaβil] ('skillful'). The spelling reflects an earlier pronunciation of the sound [h]. The [h] sound exists in a number of dialects in Spanish, either as a syllable-final allophone of /s/ (for example Andalusia, Argentina or Cuba - vg. esto [ˈeht̪o] 'this' , or as a dialectal realization of Standard /x/ (for example Mexican caja [ˈkaha] 'box' ).
[edit] Usage in French
In the French language, the name of the letter is pronounced /aʃ/.
The French language classifies words that begin with this letter in two ways that must be learned to use French properly, even though it is a silent letter either way. The h muet, or "mute h", is considered as though the letter were not there at all, so singular nouns get the article le or la replaced by the sequence l'. Similarly, words such as un, whose pronunciation would elide onto the following word would do so for a word with h muet.
For example Le hébergement becomes L'hébergement.
The other way is called h aspiré, or "aspirated h" (though it is still not aspirated) and is treated as a phantom consonant. Hence masculine nouns get the le, separated from the noun with a bit of a glottal stop. There is no elision with such a word; the preceding word is kept separate by similar means.
Most words that begin with an h muet come from Latin (honneur, homme) or from Greek through Latin (hécatombe), whereas most words beginning with an h aspiré come from Germanic (harpe, hareng) or non-Indo-European languages (harem, hamac, haricot). As is generally the case with French, there are numerous exceptions.
In some cases, an h was added to disambiguate the [v] and semivowel [ɥ] pronunciations, before the introduction of the distinction between the letters V and U: huit (from uit, ultimately from Latin octo), hu顃re (from uistre, ultimately from Greek through Latin ostrea).
Some of these distinctions have been preserved in English through Anglo-French: an honour vs. a harp.
Dictionaries mark those words that have this second kind of h with a preceding mark, either an asterisk, a dagger, or a little circle lower than a degree-symbol.
[edit] Usage in German
In the German language, the name of the letter is pronounced /haː/.
In the German language, this letter is used in the digraph "ch" and the trigraph "sch" to indicate completely different sounds. Following a vowel, it often silently indicates that the vowel is long: In the word erh鰄en "heighten", only the first represents /h/.
In 1901, there was a spelling reform which eliminated the silent in nearly all instances of in native German words such as thun "to do" or Thür "door". It has been left unchanged in words derived from Greek, such as Theater "theater" and Thron "throne", which continue to be spelled with even after the last German spelling reform.
[edit] Usage in other languages
Some languages, including, but not limited to, English, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Hungarian and Finnish use H as a breathy voiced glottal fricative [ɦ], often as an allophone of otherwise voiceless /h/ in a voiced environment.
In Ukrainian and Belarusian it's rendered with the letter Г (note its difference from Russian pronunciation and romanisation). |
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